Water—Who uses how much?

Water—Who uses how much? | California WaterBlog

Water—Who uses how much?

Posted on May 5, 2011 by cathrynlawrence

Whereas agriculture used to consume 80 percent of the state’s water supply, today 46 percent of  captured and stored water goes to environmental purposes, such as rebuilding wetlands. Meanwhile 43 percent goes to farming and 11 percent to municipal uses.
— The Economist, October 2009

By Jeffrey Mount
This excerpt is from an article that focused on the never-ending skirmishes over how to divide the water of California and simultaneously meet the objectives of water supply and ecosystem health in the Delta.  The statement, which appears to be attributed to Tom Birmingham of Westlands Water District, is both a mangling of the facts and an apples-to-oranges comparison.
Interpreted literally, it implies that agricultural water use has been reduced from 80 percent to 43 percent with a transfer of agriculture’s use of water to the environment.  Reading the news over the past few years, it might have seemed like such a thing happened. It hasn’t, of course.

The figure shows gross water use. Urban includes residential and nonagricultural business uses. Pre-2000 estimates are adjusted to levels that would have been used in a year of nominal rainfall. Estimates for 2000 and 2005 are for actual use; both years had near-normal precipitation. Estimates omit conveyance losses, which account for 6 percent to 9 percent of the total. Source: Author’s calculations using data from California Water Plan Update

If this were the case, we would have seen a dramatic decline in agricultural water use since the implementation of environmental laws.  We have seen a decline, but it is nothing close to what is implied.

This statement requires some disentangling to separate the facts from the factoids (near-facts which are artfully spun).  The roots of confusion lie with the change in how the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) reports water use.  Historically, DWR only counted water that was applied for economic uses.  Under this scheme roughly 80 percent of water went to agriculture with the remaining 20 percent going to urban uses.
Under the new reporting system, gross water use includes both the applied water for urban and agricultural use, as well as that set aside for flow requirements to meet habitat and water quality needs.  This is the source of the second part of the above statement.  A more accurate figure is roughly 40 percent agriculture, 10 percent urban and 50 percent environment.
Sounds like the environment is taking all the water after all, even with the new accounting system.  But this is a larger total volume of water than in the old accounting system, since environmental water is now added in to the mix.  This accounting method is both flawed and misleading.

Net water use far exceed local supplies in the southern half of the state. Annual average values for 1998-2005 are in millions of acre-feet. Source: California Department of Water Resources, 2009

The method used by DWR sums up all of the instream flows required by regulations.  The large environmental number is dominated by flows in rivers designated as Wild and Scenic.  Most of the volume that flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers is in the North Coast and includes flood flows, where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use  (see blog “water to the sea isn’t wasted”).
When you examine water use within the interconnected network of California that feeds farms and cities, use is roughly 52 percent agricultural, 14 percent urban and 33 percent environmental.  While a big difference, even this overstates the environmental take.
When you account based on net water use—meaning water that is lost to evapotranspiration or salt sinks and not returned to rivers or groundwater for alternative uses—this translates to 62 percent agricultural, 16 percent urban and 22 percent environmental.  And some of that environmental water is used to keep water quality high enough for drinking.

Notes: Urban uses include 0.1 maf/year of gross water use (and no net water use) for cooling thermoelectric power generation. Some land grows crops more than once a year, so irrigated crop acreagee exceeds irrigated land area. Statewide irrigated cropland is about 9.2 million acres.
Source: Author’s calculations using regional 2009 DWR data.

Broad statewide or system wide numbers also mask important local and regional variability in how water is used.  As illustrated in the map, based on DWR data, in the North Coast region most water is designated as environmental flow, and it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system.  In the Tulare Basin, almost all water use is agricultural.  In the South Coast, water use is overwhelming urban.  Regions are often fairly specialized in their water use.  Real people and real fish live their lives locally, not statewide.
Patrick Moynihan once famously stated, “we are all entitled to our own opinions, not our own facts.”  We need to use water accounting standards that are rational and reflect real differences.  There is of course much rhetorical incentive for each group of stakeholders to use water accounting systems where they look unimportant, or their favorite villain looks important – sort of “combat accounting.”  On the who-uses-how-much debate, any standard should be net usage of water within the interconnected network of California.  All other comparisons simply muddy the waters.

Further reading
Hanak, E., J. Lund, A. Dinar, B. Gray, R. Howitt, J. Mount, P. Moyle, and B. Thompson, Managing California’s Water:  From Conflict to Reconciliation, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, CA, 500 pp., February 2011.
Hanak, E., J. Lund, A. Dinar, B. Gray, R. Howitt, J. Mount, P. Moyle, and B. Thompson, “Myths of California Water – Implications and Reality,” West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, Vol. 16, No. 1, Winter 2010.
California Water Plan: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/
Update
Mount, J., Freeman, E., Lund, J. , Water Use in California, Public Policy Institute of California, July 2014